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Backing Up Macintosh Files on a NetWare Server
Jill Johnson
Technical Support Engineer
Novell Walnut Chreek
Abstract:
This AppNote addresses the issues involved in backing up Macintosh files
stored on a NetWare file server. It covers Novell's backup products as they
relate to Macintosh files, and looks at some third#party solutions as well.
Disclaimer
Novell, Inc. makes no representations or warranties with respect to the
contents or use of these Application Notes (AppNotes) or of any of the
third#party products discussed in the AppNotes. Novell reserves the right to
revise these AppNotes and to make changes in their content at any time,
without obligation to notify any person or entity of such revisions or
changes. These AppNotes do not constitute an endorsement of the third#party
product or products that were tested. Configuration(s) tested or described
may or may not be the only available solution. Any test is not a
determination of product quality or correctness, nor does it ensure
compliance with any federal, state or local requirements. Novell does not
warranty products except as stated in applicable Novell product warranties or
license agreements.
Copyright { 1991 by Novell, Inc., Provo, Utah. All rights reserved.
As a means of promoting NetWare AppNotes, Novell grants you without charge
the right to reproduce, distribute and use copies of the AppNotes, provided
you do not receive any payment, commercial benefit or other consideration for
the reproduction or distribution, or change any copyright notices appearing
on or in the document.
Contents
Introduction 41
Structure of Macintosh Files 41
Macintosh File Backup Issues 42
Losing the Resource Fork 42
Hidden Files and Directories 43
Using ResEdit to Recover Damaged Files 44
Novell's Macintosh#Aware Backup Solutions 45
MACBACK 45
Streaming Tape Backup VAP 45
NBACKUP 46
SBACKUP 47
Third#Party Backup Solutions 48
Emerald Systems 49
Mountain Computer 49
Cheyenne Software 49
Conclusion 50
Bibliography 50
Acknowledgments 50
Introduction
Recently, Novell Systems Research published an extensive report entitled
#Network Backup" that covered many of the issues involved in backing up
NetWare networks. This Application Note is an addition to that report. It
shows how Macintosh files saved to a NetWare file server fit into the world
of backups. This information should clear up the confusion some Novell
customers have experienced in backing up NetWare file servers that include
Macintosh support.
Structure of Macintosh Files
Macintosh files require special consideration during a backup of a NetWare
file server because they are structured differently than DOS files. Each
Macintosh file may have a data fork and a resource fork. A DOS file, by
contrast, has only a data fork (see ). The data fork is an unstructured,
finite sequence of data bytes. The resource fork of a Macintosh file, which
differentiates it from a DOS file, is accessible through the Macintosh
Resource Manager. The resource fork contains specialized data used by an
application, such as menus, fonts, icons, application code for an application
file, drivers, and the data structures for mapping them within the fork.
While AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol) is designed to consider both forks as
finite#length byte sequences, it includes no special rules relating to the
structure of the resource fork.
: Structure of a Macintosh File
Either or both forks of a given Macintosh file can be empty. Non#Macintosh
clients (such as DOS, OS/2, or Windows machines) that consider a file to have
only one fork use the Macintosh file's data fork. By contrast, files created
by a DOS workstation and used by a Macintosh client will have an empty
resource fork supplied by the Macintosh Resource Manager, because a resource
fork, though unintelligible to DOS, is required by the Macintosh operating
system. As a result, a DOS workstation that has gained access to a file
created by a Macintosh may not be aware of the existence of the file's
resource fork and will probably not use the resource fork.
Macintosh File Backup Issues
Losing the Resource Fork
If you back up a NetWare file server without taking Macintosh issues into
consideration, your backup will include only the data fork portions of the
Macintosh files on the server. If you then restore files from this backup to
the file server, all the Macintosh files will be visible to all the clients
but inaccessible to the Macintosh clients. In fact, those Macintosh files
will appear as DOS files displayed with the icons for DOS files (see and ).
This occurs because the resource fork and Finder information of the Macintosh
files are lost.
: Macintosh Files Before Backup
: Macintosh Files Appear as DOS Files After Bad Backup
If you try to launch a Macintosh application or access a Macintosh file after
a faulty backup, you will receive an error message (see ).
: Error Message Received When Trying to Access a Macintosh File After Bad
Backup
Hidden Files and Directories
When you are backing up Macintosh files, you should also consider the many
hidden files and directories created on the NetWare server when NetWare for
Macintosh is installed. If these files and directories are corrupted or not
backed up properly, both the Macintosh files and the NetWare for Macintosh
system files may be lost.
One such hidden directory created on the NetWare file server is the Desktop
directory. Each Macintosh client maintains a hidden Desktop file that
contains information for use by the Macintosh Finder. For file server volumes
(as opposed to client volumes), AFP provides an interface that replaces the
Macintosh Finder's direct use of the Desktop file. This interface is
necessary because the Desktop file is designed for a single#user, stand#alone
environment. The AFP interface to the Desktop database can be used
transparently for both local and remote volumes and can be shared by multiple
users.
The Desktop database on a file server holds information that the Finder
specifically needs to build its unique user interface, in which icons
represent objects on a disk volume. The Desktop also associates applications
with particular icons, stores the icons' bitmaps, locates the corresponding
application when a user opens a document, and holds text comments associated
with files and directories.
Macintosh applications usually contain not only an icon that is displayed for
the application itself but also other icons displayed for the documents that
the application creates. These icons are stored in the application's resource
fork and in the Desktop database. The Desktop database associates these icons
with each file's creator and type, which are stored in part of the file's
Finder information.
Using ResEdit to Recover Damaged Files
As you can see, if the resource fork information is lost, the Macintosh file
itself is lost. Data files can sometimes be recovered using a program from
Apple Computer called ResEdit. ResEdit is a graphics#based application for
manipulating the various resources in a Macintosh file. Be forewarned,
however, that manipulating files incorrectly with ResEdit can damage files
irreversibly. Using ResEdit to get data files back is a time#consuming
process. ResEdit by no means provides a supported or workable solution for
all instances of lost resource forks on all of your Macintosh files on the
NetWare file server. You can not use ResEdit to restore application files,
only document files.
Keeping in mind all these provisos, here is a procedure for recovering a lost
resource fork from a damaged Macintosh data file using ResEdit:
1. Make a blank file using the application with which your original
damaged file was created.
2. Copy the damaged original file from your server to your Macintosh
workstation.
3. Launch ResEdit, and open both the new blank file and the damaged
original file. When you open the damaged file, ResEdit will ask if you want
to create a resource fork for the file. Choose #OK."
4. Copy the resources from the blank file to the damaged file.
5. Choose #Get Info" in the File menu for each of the opened files and
change the damaged file's TYPE and CREATOR fields to match those of the blank
file.
6. Save all the changes and quit ResEdit.
7. Open your application and then open the originally damaged file. You
should now see a restored Macintosh file.
Novell's Macintosh#Aware Backup Solutions
Novell offers four different solutions for backing up Macintosh files on a
NetWare server:
w MACBACK (no longer shipping)
w Streaming Tape Backup VAP
w NBACKUP
w SBACKUP
MACBACK
The MACBACK utility was Novell's first solution for backing up Macintosh
files on NetWare file servers. MACBACK was a NetWare command line utility
that archived and restored only Macintosh files to network disks or local
drives. MACBACK archived and restored only Macintosh files stored on a
NetWare v2.15 file server. To do a complete system backup, you had to use
NARCHIVE for the DOS files in addition to MACBACK.
MACBACK was a first attempt to resolve the problems of backing up Macintosh
files, but it was not very reliable. It also forced system administrators to
back up their file servers twice, once for the Macintosh files and once for
the DOS files. MACBACK's most noticeable difficulty occurred when you backed
up any Macintosh applications resident on the file server. A Macintosh
application has a 0#byte data fork, and MACBACK couldn't restore files with
0#byte data forks.
Streaming Tape Backup VAP
The Streaming Tape Backup VAP will back up and restore all files from a
v2.12, v2.15C, or v2.2 file server. The VAP runs on either a file server or a
bridge and can back up or restore to any server on the internetwork running
the versions of NetWare listed above. This product uses console command line
options at the file server or bridge to back up and restore. One major
restriction is this product works only with a PC#36 controller board. Many
people aren't aware of this product due to this restriction.
When restoring Macintosh files, you will have to rebuild the Desktop after
running RESTORE if both of the following are true:
w You have restored AFP files to a different volume than they were
backed up from.
w The volume to which the files were restored does not contain the
application that uses the restored files.
These conditions would also cause you to lose the comments associated with
each file. To rebuild the Desktop do the following:
1. Restart the Macintosh workstation using the Finder (not MultiFinder).
2. Log in as Supervisor from this Macintosh client.
3. When you mount the server's volume(s), hold down the Command#Option
keys on the Macintosh keyboard.
4. You will be prompted to confirm that you wish to rebuild the Desktop
on the server's volume(s). Answer #Yes."
The Finder will then traverse the file system on the file server's volumes
and update the contents of each Desktop directory (at the root of each
volume) with the current location and document icon for each Macintosh
application.
NBACKUP
NBACKUP was developed to resolve MACBACK problems and to make backups a
one#step process. NBACKUP backs up and restores both Macintosh and DOS files
from NetWare v2.15, v2.2, and v3.x file servers. You must run NBACKUP from a
DOS workstation and adhere to certain procedures in order to get the desired
results. Some NBACKUP issues are covered here, but you should check your
NetWare manuals for further details.
With NBACKUP, you can only restore a backup of a server's files to the same
type of NetWare system from which you made the backup. For example, if you
back up a NetWare v2.15C system with Macintosh VAPs v2.0, it must be restored
to a NetWare v2.15C system with Macintosh VAPs v2.0.
NBACKUP backs up your NetWare file server primarily to DOS devices, but it
does support a few non# DOS devices. The table shown in lists the most
current available drivers. More third#party companies will undoubtedly
introduce drivers to support NBACKUP.
: Backup Devices Supported by NBACKUP
Multiple versions of NBACKUP exist. Each version supports different drivers
as well as different NetWare versions. NBACKUP is included with the NetWare
operating system and should be used only with the version of NetWare with
which it is shipped.
NBACKUP's interface uses the standard NetWare menu structure. NBACKUP does
not allow you to restore files and directories to a different location from
where they were backed up.
SBACKUP
SBACKUP is Novell's newest solution for backing up NetWare file servers.
SBACKUP is a NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) for a NetWare v3.11 file server.
SBACKUP allows you to back up files using DOS, Macintosh, OS/2, and NFS name
spaces. SBACKUP includes more drivers for tape drive units than NBACKUP does,
supports two additional types of name spaces (OS/2 and NFS), and can be run
from the server console while still accessing other servers on the network.
New device drivers, developed for Novell by Cheyenne Software, Inc., are
included with NetWare v3.11, supporting more than 50 third#party hardware
backup devices. For backing up Macintosh files, these devices include
Adaptec, Future Domain, and Bustek controllers.
A second NLM is associated with SBACKUP. The TSA.NLM allows SBACKUP to access
multiple servers, in addition to the server where SBACKUP resides. In , FS3
is a NetWare v3.11 file server running the SBACKUP.NLM. Because the TSA.NLM
is loaded on the other servers on the network, SBACKUP can back up servers
FS1, FS2, and FS3 all from FS3's server console. The TSA.NLM is currently
available only for NetWare v3.11 file servers.
: Using TSA.NLM to Access Other Servers During Backup
Currently, SBACKUP cannot redirect Macintosh files during a restore. If
Macintosh files or directories are restored to a different directory or
volume than the original backup source, the Macintosh files lose their
Macintosh names and are displayed with the DOS name space convention of eight
characters. The Macintosh files also lose the comments associated with the
file in the #Get Info" field. The redirection feature will be included in
future releases of SBACKUP.
Third#Party Backup Solutions
A number of vendors' software and hardware solutions provide an alternative
to Novell's solutions. The vendors mentioned are by no means the only vendors
that support backing up Macintosh files on a NetWare file server, nor are the
product evaluations comprehensive. One thing to keep in mind is that these
vendors' hardware solutions won't necessarily work with Novell's software
backup solutions (for example, NBACKUP or SBACKUP). For this reason, when
Novell releases a new operating system and you upgrade your file server(s),
the third#party vendor may not immediately offer a backup solution compatible
with the new NetWare release. If you need to use another vendors' hardware
with Novell's NBACKUP or SBACKUP, you will have to obtain a driver from the
vendor. In the case of SBACKUP, you will have to find out whether that
vendor's hardware will work with the standard Cheyenne driver. These vendors'
solutions were not evaluated with the new releases of NetWare v2.2 or v3.11
operating systems. Please check with the vendor for those solutions.
Another consideration is that many vendors' backup units and software are
certified by Novell to work with NetWare. This certification may have
restrictions. IMSP test procedures do not include backing up Macintosh files.
Also, merely because a product is not officially #NetWare Certified" doesn't
mean it won't work with NetWare. The best advice is for the buyer to beware.
Make sure the vendor of the backup system understands the need to back up
Macintosh files and the issues involved. Also, even if a vendor supports
backups of Macintosh files on a NetWare server, not all versions of the
vendor's products may include this support.
Emerald Systems
Emerald offers two versions of their software that will back up Macintosh
files on a NetWare server: EmSAVE and EmQ. EmSAVE runs from a NetWare DOS
client, while EmQ must be installed on a NetWare file server. EmSAVE has some
of the limitations that NBACKUP has; EmSAVE v3.0 can't redirect AFP files,
and will generate errors if you try. For example, the error #Cannot Redirect
AFP directories or files [EM0246]" will be generated. The documentation for
Emerald's product explains that this error means #Redirecting AFP file during
a restore operation is not a supported function in this version of the
Emerald Systems application."
Emerald's software has a Windows#type interface, which makes backing up and
restoring the different files and directories intuitive and easy to carry
out.
Mountain Computer
Mountain's FileSafe backup utility is another solution for backing up
Macintosh and DOS files from a NetWare server. FileSafe allows you to
redirect backed#up Macintosh files to different directories. Hidden files are
also easily handled. FileSafe's interface is not Windows#like, but it is
menu#driven and easily mastered.
Be sure to note that not all Mountain hardware and software products work
with Macintosh files. For example, Mountain's MM series software will not
back up Macintosh files, but Mountain is currently developing a version that
will.
Cheyenne Software
ARCserve is one of the few server#driven backup applications evaluated. The
version for NetWare v2.15 with Macintosh VAPs is a bit awkward because the
backup administrator must be able to work at the server console and on a
workstation at the same time to make efficient use of the product. The
version for NetWare v3.11 with NetWare for Macintosh v3.0 is more efficient
because you can back up from the server console directly.
ARCserve uses the NetWare menu style and, like FileSafe, can redirect
Macintosh files to different subdirectories.
Conclusion
The more types of workstations and operating systems are introduced to
NetWare networks, the more complex backup issues will become. Hopefully this
Application Note has cleared up some of the confusion surrounding Macintosh
files and how these files are structured, along with how the operating system
handles this structure.
There are many books and reports available that can give more detailed
information about the various topics touched on here. The Bibliography lists
references for further information about network backups, Macintosh files and
the Macintosh operating system, and other related topics.
Bibliography
Inside Macintosh, Volumes I and II; available from Apple Computer, Inc. and
Addison# Wesley Publishing Co., Inc.
Inside AppleTalk by Gursharan S. Sidhu, Richard F. Andrews, and Alan B.
Oppenheimer; available from Apple Computer, Inc. and Addison#Wesley
Publishing Co., Inc.
#Network Backup," available from Novell Systems Research through the Novell
AppNotes Hotline (801) 429#7550.
Acknowledgments
We extend special thanks to the following vendors for loaning backup units
and software for testing.
Emerald Systems
4757 Morena Boulevard
San Diego, CA 92117
(619) 673#2161
Mountain Computer, Inc.
360 El Pueblo Road
Scotts Valley, CA 95066
(800) 458#0300
Cheyenne Software, Inc.
55 Bryant Ave.
Roslyn, NY 11576
(516) 484#5110
Editor's Note: The author accepts written feedback at FAX (801) 429#5511.